demodernetijd – Pagina 17 – De Moderne Tijd

De Negentiende Eeuw 37 (2013) 2

Niels Matheve‘Kunst is geld’. Het politiek beleid ten aanzien van het Belgische kunstonderwijs in de negentiende eeuw 97-115

Abstract (EN)

‘Art is money’. Public policy with regard to art education in nineteenth century Belgium.At the turn of the eighteenth to the nineteenth century, art education in the southern Netherlands was still in its infancy. Artistic life however soon blossomed and the young Belgian nation that emerged in 1830 aspired a prominent cultural role on the European continent. Yet the part of politicians in the success of Belgian artists has always remained somewhat unclear. How were the relations between the major educational institutions and the national government? Did nineteenth century politicians care about art and if so, did they have clear ideas about cultural policy? This article explores their ideas about art education, as a part of an emerging national cultural policy.

Hanneke Ronnes en Victor van de VenVan dakhaas tot schootpoes. De opkomst van de kat als huisdier in Nederland in de negentiende eeuw 116-136

Abstract (EN)

From alley cat to puss. The emergence of the cat as a pet in the Netherlands in the nineteenth century.This article outlines the emergence of the cat as a pet in the Netherlands in the nine teenth century, in the context of similar developments in Great Britain, France and the United States. After a long history of on the one hand adoration and on the other demonization, the cat was generally accepted in the home as a pet in the late nineteenth century. On the basis of a wide scale study of literature, art, but especially contemporary newspaper articles, it has been possible to discern the steady rise in esteem of the cat throughout the nineteenth century. Artists appropriating the cat as an iconic symbol played a significant role in the process. At the other end of the scale, it was the urban middle-class who first adopted the cat as a domestic companion.

Florian DiepenbrockContra koekebakkers en tooneeldirectiën. Acteurs en sociabele tegenmacht rond 1900 137-161

Abstract (EN)

‘Against pastry-cooks and managing directors’. Dutch actors, sociability and countervailing power, c. 1900.Up to now, no systematic research has been done on the origin and development of independent actors’ interest groups circa 1900, an interesting period in the social and theatrical history of the Netherlands. This article takes a detailed look at the pioneering years and the circumstances of failing and fast demise of the first Dutch actors union (‘de Bond van Nederlandsche Tooneelisten’, 1898). Important roles in this union were played by both famous and anonymous actors, stage-managers and directors, as well as by the outstanding playwright Herman Heijermans. The creation and functioning of this early organisation are outlined within a broader scope of interpretation, i.e. social and theatrical developments in the Dutch fin de siècle.

Boekzaal der geleerde wereld 162-175

Lotte Jensen, Verzet tegen Napoleon. Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2013;
Lotte Jensen, De verheerlijking van het verleden. Helden, literatuur en natievorming in de negentiende eeuw, Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2008;
J.F. Helmers, De Hollandsche natie, ed. Lotte Jensen, Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2009. (Henk te Velde)
Janneke Weijermars, Stiefbroeders. Zuid-Nederlandse letteren en natievorming onder Willem I, 1814-1834. Hilversum: Verloren, 2012. (Rick Honings)
Petra Brouwer, De wetten van de bouwkunst. Nederlandse architectuurboeken in de negentiende
eeuw. Rotterdam: NAi 2011. (Lieske Tibbe)
Jan M.M. de Meere, Petrus van Schendel (1806-1870): Een leven tussen licht en donker. Leiden: Primavera Pers 2012. (Annemiek Ouwerkerk)
Anne van Buul (red.), Lopende vuurtjes. Engelse kunst en literatuur in Nederland en België rond 1900. Hilversum: Verloren 2012. (Leo Jansen)
Erie Tanja, Goede politiek. De parlementaire cultuur van de Tweede Kamer, 1866-1940. Amsterdam: Boom, 2011. (Joris Oddens)
Jan Hein Furnée, Plaatsen van beschaafd vertier. Standsbesef en stedelijke cultuur in Den Haag, 1850-1890. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2012. (Mary Kemperink)

De Negentiende Eeuw 2013 1 De achttiende eeuw i de negentiende eeuw

De Negentiende Eeuw 37 (2013) 1: ‘De achttiende eeuw in de negentiende eeuw’

Redactioneel 1-2

Wessel KrulEen tijd van ‘vadsigheid’. Negentiende-eeuwse Nederlanders over de achttiende eeuw 3-16

Abstract (EN)

Sloth and indolence. The eighteenth century in the Netherlands as seen by nineteenth-century authors.In the first part of the nineteenth century an almost entirely negative view of the previous century established itself in the Netherlands. The eighteenth century had been a period of political decline, in which the Dutch Republic lost most of its former power and international prestige. This decline was generally ascribed to the effects of luxury, such as a lack of initiative, imitation of foreign models and moral corruption. In this essay, the tenacity of this view of the eighteenth century in Dutch historiography and literary history is traced until the first part of the twentieth century. The standard of judgement remained the Dutch Golden Age in the seventeenth century, as can be clearly seen in the writings of Conrad Busken Huet, whose comments on a number of eighteenth-century novels are discussed in some detail. The renewed national confidence of the later nineteenth century did not lead to a change of opinion. Even the revolutionary movement of the 1780s was by then often ridiculed as an exercise in futility. A historian like Johan Huizinga at some points expressed his doubts about the prevailing views, but the foundations of a complete historical revaluation were laid only during the 1950s.

Matthijs LokDe eeuw van ongeloof. De constructie van de ‘achttiende eeuw’ in Groens Ongeloof en Revolutie (1847) 17-35

Abstract (EN)

The century of unbelief. Constructing the enlightened eighteenth century in Groen van Prinsterer’s Ongeloof en Revolutie (1847).This article analyses the construction of the ‘eighteenth century’ as a historical concept in the treatise Ongeloof en Revolutie (Unbelief and Revolution) (1847) by the Dutch protestant statesman and critic of the Enlightenment Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876). In this work, which describes and laments the rise of ‘unbelief’ in eighteenth-century Europe, Groen paradoxally creates the idea of a homogenous and atheistic eighteenth century, building on an older tradition of protestant criticism of enlightened philosophy. Despite his critical stance Groen also values the eighteenth century for its dynamism and sees this century as a crucial epoch in European and Dutch history. The article draws parallels between the Dutch protestant and the French catholic conceptualisation of the enlightened eighteenth century, and advocates a comparative and transnational study of early conservative and anti-enlightened thought.

Arianne Baggerman en Rudolf DekkerJean-Jacques Rousseau en zijn Confessions in Nederland in de negentiende eeuw 36-56

Abstract (EN)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions in the Netherlands in the nineteenth
century.After its publication in 1782, Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Confessions were often read and discussed in the Netherlands. Although the work was not translated in Dutch until more than a century later, just like elsewhere in Europe, many Dutch writers considered Rousseau’s Confessions to be a milestone in the developing genre of autobiography. Dutchmen without knowledge of French could get acquainted with its content through reviews and discussions in the press. Nevertheless, like Rousseau’s earlier works, the Confessions provoked mixed and often ambivalent reactions. As a case study the changing attitude of Dutch author Eduard Douwes Dekker – Multatuli –, towards Rousseau’s Confessions is distilled from his works and letters. In his younger years Douwes Dekker jokingly announced to write his own Confessions, but in old age wrote that he would never do that, fearing the public discussion that had always surrounded Rousseau’s work would also affect him. That is, however, in itself a sign of the influence of Rousseau’s controversial autobiography.

Jan RockDe eeuw van de snuffelaar. Het achttiende-eeuwse filologische leven bij G.D.J. Schotel (1807-1892) 57-79

Abstract (EN)

A century of rummaging antiquarians. G.D.J. Schotel’s take on eighteenth-century philology.Gilles Dionysius Jacobus Schotel (1807-1892) was a pastor and an amateur philologist in a peripheral area of the Netherlands. Historians of later times placed his work in the periphery of philological knowledge production as well. This article places Schotel back in both the productive tradition of antiquarianism and in the nineteenth-century vogue of literary historicism and the dominant historicist culture. It focuses in particular on the connotation of his antiquarian work and practices with the eighteenth century. Such an image was created by Schotel himself: he identified with Walter Scott’s eighteenth-century antiquarian and he commemorated two eighteenth-century scholars in particular, Cornelis van Alkemade and Pieter van der Schelling. Schotel even followed their example in his own practices of knowledge production: he collected books and historical documents and he made them accessible to others through an intensive correspondence network. His academic ambitions, however, remained unfulfilled and he failed in continuing Van der Aa’s Biografisch woordenboek van Nederland as a project of scholarly collaboration. Schotel clearly missed ongoing processes of institutionalisation and specialisation that turned Dutch linguistics, literature and history into modern academic disciplines. Thus, Schotel’s life and work are an excellent case to reveal how antiquarianism was appreciated as an eighteenth-century tradition but paled beside the nineteenth-century triumph of modern humanities.

Jenny ReynaertsTroost en Humor. De achttiende eeuw in de schilderkunst van David Bles 80-94

Abstract (EN)

Solace and wit. The 18th century in the work of painter David Bles.The 18th century as a subject for paintings was not popular in 19th century Dutch art, as the era was seen as an age of decline, in art as well as in morals. It is therefore striking that the painter David Bles nevertheless created a hugely successful niche of his own with conversation pieces set in 18th century interiors. Apart from his virtuoso drawing and brilliant use of colour, his ironic rendering of the 18th century Dutch bourgeois seems to have struck a cord. Bles’s art concurs with a more general revival of the rococo period in Europe, from Hogarthian scenes painted by modern English painters to the brothers de Goncourt in Paris. The Dutch 18th century painter Cornelis Troost (whose name translates as solace) provided another example for Bles, though the latter’s use of humour was more refined. According to critics it was Bles’s witticism that defined him as a typically Dutch artist. Notwithstanding his love for a period not well thought of, his irony made him into a worthy follower of a tradition begun by Jan Steen.

Congres van de Werkgroep De Negentiende Eeuw 2013. Keerpunt 1813 95-96

De Negentiende Eeuw 2012, nr. 4 (Verenigd Koninkrijk)

De Negentiende Eeuw 36 (2012) 4: ‘Integratie en desintegratie in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden’

Lisa Kuitert en Arnold LubbersHet al dan niet verenigd koninkrijk. Ten geleide 241-243

Peter A.J. van den BergDe integratieve functie van het recht in het Verenigd Koninkrijk van Koning Willem I (1815-1830) 244-262

Abstract (EN)

The integrative function of law in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1830).In 1815, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was created, a union between the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1813-1814) and Belgium. King William I tried to integrate the two composing parts of this newly established state under the leadership of the Northern Netherlands. The way in which he used the codification of private law as a means for this integration confirms this. In 1814, before the Union had become a reality, the King had ordered a committee to prepare a codification based on ‘genuine Dutch law’, which should replace the French Code civil, in force in the Northern Netherlands since its annexation by France in 1811. In this way, he hoped to strengthen Dutch national identity. After the Union was concluded, the King kept this policy, despite the fact that Belgian law was strongly influenced by French law for centuries, and the Belgians, consequently, felt no need to replace the French Code civil, in force there since 1804, by a ‘Dutch’ code. The policy of the King was defeated, however, by an effective opposition of the Belgian Members of Parliament, helped by some sceptical Dutch colleagues. Subsequently, the Belgian representatives took the lead in the legislative efforts, which resulted in a draft-codification which strongly resembled the French Code civil. It is a bit ironic that this draft did not enter force in the United Kingdom because of the Belgian secession in 1830, but did constitute the core of the codification promulgated in the Netherlands in 1838.

Wim Lemmens‘Une terre hospitalière et libre’? Franse migranten tussen restauratie en revolutie in het Brussel van Willem I (1815-1830) 263-284

Abstract (EN)

French migrants between restoration and revolution in Brussel, during the rule of King Willem I (1815-1830).After the Napoleonic era, the Bourbon Restoration regime despised and rejected French revolutionary actors and bonapartists. Those detested men, exalting military sentiments and liberal ideals, took refuge in the newly established United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Although King William I was pushed to expatriate subversive immigrants, he was bound by the recently elaborated constitution. Active as journalists, lawyers, freemasons or teachers, they propagated liberal values of the French Revolution and initiated through newspapers, literary discussions and theater performances, a new generation of political activists, despite the desires of Restoration regimes.

Lou SpronckDe apostelen van Johannes Kinker 285-304

Abstract (EN)

Johannes Kinker’s Apostles.When in 1818 Kinker arrived at the University of Liège, Belgium, ‘to preach the Dutch gospels’, he met the unwilling ears of the citizenry, his fellow Freemasons, and his colleagues at university. So he turned to the younger generation in the knowledge that the future belonged to them. In the literary society ‘Tandem’ he brought together a select group of students, in whom he instilled loyalty to King and Country, a belief in the integration of North and South, and love for the Dutch language and literature. However, after graduation most of his disciples lost their belief in Kinker’s creed and severed contacts with their master. This will be illustrated by placing three of them in the spotlight: Jean-Baptiste Nothomb, Lucien Jottrand and Theodoor Weustenraad. This investigation also demonstrates that the ways by which king William I and his Minister Van Maanen dealt with liberal opposition against their administration since 1827 undermined the chances of survival of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

De Negentiende Eeuw 36 (2012) 3

Helleke van den Braber‘Do ut des’ rond Multatuli en Jan Kneppelhout. Vormen van interactie tussen weldoeners en kunstenaars in de negentiende eeuw 161-182

Abstract (EN)

Patronage relationships in art and literature in the nineteenth century. The cases of Multatuli and Jan Kneppelhout.This article addresses the workings of individual patronage relationships in the nineteenth century, focusing on the (competitive and supportive) alliances between Dutch benefactor Johannes Kneppelhout and his protégés on one hand, and those between Dutch writer Multatuli and his patrons on the other. It is very probable that in the interaction between patron(s) and artist(s) the ancient patronage rule of ‘do ut des’ will have applied – but how exactly did these patrons and artists position themselves within these circles? What were they prepared to invest in their alliances, and what sort of profit did they expect in return? These questions will be tackled by using insights from gift theory, as developed by sociologists Aafke Komter and Alvin Gouldner.

Jeroen van GesselDrie koningen en hun muzikale interesses. Een speurtocht naar muzikale ondersteuning door het Nederlandse koningshuis in de negentiende eeuw 183-201

Abstract (EN)

Dutch nineteenth century monarchs as patrons of musical art.This contribution serves as an introduction to the musical activities of the three nineteenth-century Dutch monarchs Willem I, II and III. Contrary to received wisdom all three displayed interest in music, but acted upon these interests in their own individual way. Whereas Willem I sought to unite public and personal interests by founding conservatories, his son Willem II contented himself with supporting individual composers or works according to his own preferences. By offering grants for talented young musicians, Willem III instituted yet another form of support. On the whole, all three focused primarily on stimulating opera, which suggests that they silently acknowledged the value of this genre in establishing and representing court culture.

Caroline DrieënhuizenDe aanzienlijke collectie van Théodore Delprat. De Europese elite van Nederlands-Indië rond 1900 202-227

Abstract (EN)

Theodore Delprat’s respectable collection. The European elite of the Dutch East Indies ca. 1900.The Dutch nineteenth-century colonial entrepreneur and politician Theodore Delprat (1851-1932) collected a wide variety of photographs, personal memorabilia, European art-objects and ethnographic artefacts. Deprat’s collection can be seen as the materialized condensation of the immaterial social and cultural codes that structured the elite’s life in the Dutch East Indies. Therefore, the collection gives us insight into processes of accumulating social and cultural capital. Following the acquisition and circulation of these objects, I will reconstruct how successful social behaviour was organized in both the colony and the motherland, and the way in which the collection reveals the multi-layered social identity of the collector. I will argue that these social processes were not located in a closed-off colonial space, but in permanent interaction with the European metropole. In this article, I will challenge the traditional view of the colonial elite as set apart from the national elite, by placing the social life in the colony and its counterpart in the European metropole in one analytic frame. Most importantly, I will analyze the way in which these collected objects both passively reflected ánd actively structured the social life of this elite.

Boekzaal der geleerde wereld 228-239

Hanna Klarenbeek, Penseelprinsessen & broodschilderessen. Vrouwen in de beeldende kunst, 1808-1913. Bussum: Thoth, 2012. (Lieske Tibbe)
Rick Honings, Geleerdheids Zetel, Hollands Roem! Het literaire leven in Leiden, 1760-1860. Leiden: Primavera, 2001. (Boudien de Vries)
Floor Meijer, Wereldburgers, Vrijmetselaren en de stad Amsterdam, 1848-1906. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 2010. (Mickey Hoyle)
Diederick Slijkerman, Het geheim van de ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid. De verhouding tussen koning, kabinet, kamer en kiezer, 1848-1905. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2011. (Niek van Sas)
Willem van den Berg en Piet Couttenier, Alles is taal geworden. Geschiedenis van de Nederlandse literatuur, 1800-1900. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2009. (Margaretha H. Schenkeveld)

De Negentiende Eeuw 36 (2012) 2

Jan Dirk BaetensKunst als eeuwige jeugd. Originaliteit en schepping in de affaire Frédéric Van de Kerkhove (1862-1873) 81-103

Abstract (EN)

Art’s eternal youth. Originality and creation, and the case of Frédéric van der Kerkhove (1862-1873).This article discusses the controversy around Frédéric Van de Kerkhove, an infirm artistic child genius whose work created a sensation in the 1870s. The existence of the wonder boy was revealed shortly after his premature death in 1873, at the age of ten, when claims were made that he had produced hundreds of brilliant and stunningly original landscape paintings, which made him one of the greatest masters of all times. A campaign was mounted to exhibit his work, followed, however, by a polemic in which non-believers cried fraud whilst believers reconstructed the boy’s life along the Vasarian tropes of the precocious child genius. On a deeper level, the controversy revolved around issues of originality and influence, convention and naïve artistic instinct. For his supporters, the young and unlearned painter embodied, in a proto-modernist twist, the autonomous principle of artistic creation itself: a primitive creative force independent of time and place, training and influence; a mythic creative principle ingrained in nature itself, spontaneously budding as the birth of life itself.

Jasper JansVaderlandse geschiedenis en de
participerende burger. Onderwijs in burgerschap in het midden van de negentiende eeuw 104-119

Abstract (EN)

Citizenship education in the middle of the nineteenth century. National history and the participating citizen.Studies of nineteenth-century Dutch discourses of citizenship tend to focus on political, legal and literary discussions. This article aims to broaden the scope of the research field, by analysing models of ‘good citizenship’ that informed Dutch national history education in the middle of the nineteenth century. When we focus on schoolbooks and other didactic instruments, it becomes clear that around 1860 a new type of history education emerged that moved away from a passive notion of citizenship, towards an idea centred on civic self-awareness and active participation of the Dutch in societal life.

Toos StrengMaakten vrouwen de dienst uit? Vrouwelijke romanauteurs in Nederland, 1790-1899. Cijfers en beeldvorming 120-147

Abstract (EN)

Female novelists in the Netherlands, 1790-1899. Facts, figures and popular images.Both present-day literary historians and nineteenth-century critics agree that between 1790 and 1899, the absolute and relative number of female novelists in the Netherlands increased. They tend to describe this increase in strong, and when it comes to the nineteenth-century critics, often negative terms. This research shows there was indeed a numerical and percentage growth of novels written by female authors, but the trend was definitely not linear and there were huge differences between the percentage contribution of Dutch, English, French and German female writers. So why then this discrepancy between, on the one hand, a very slow and modest change and, on the other hand, this often vehement contemporary resistence against female novelists? This can be understood against the background of the professionalization of authorship after 1850 and the changing status of the novel as a literary genre. With the steady rise of the novel’s status, the prevailing sentiment among literary critics was that the novel was too important to be left to women writers. Therefore, when at the end of the nineteenth century the output of novels written by women reached a certain critical level, the female novel was treated as a separate category and put in a place of her own, outside the most highly valued literary domain.

Boekzaal der geleerde wereld 148-160

Jürgen Osterhammel, Die Verwandlung der Welt. Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts. München: C.H. Beck, 2009. (Peter van Dam)
P. Brusse en W.W. Mijnhardt, Towards a new template for Dutch history. De-urbanization and the balance between city and countryside. Zwolle: Waanders, 2011. (Joost Jonker)
Wilfried Uitterhoeve, Koning, keizer, admiraal. 1810: De ondergang van het Koninkrijk Holland. Nijmegen: Vantilt 2010. (Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld)
Auke van der Woud, Koninkrijk vol sloppen. Achterbuurten en vuil in de negentiende eeuw. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 2010. (Christianne Smit)
Henk Gras, m.m.v. Harry van Vliet en Bennie Pratasik, ‘Een stad waar men zich koninklijk kan
vervelen’. De modernisering van de theatrale vermakelijkheden buiten de schouwburg in Rotterdam,
circa 1770-1860. Hilversum: Verloren, 2009. (Sylvia Alting van Geusau)
Liesbet Nys, De intrede van het publiek. Museumbezoek in België 1830-1914. Leuven: Universitaire Pers Leuven 2012. (Lieske Tibbe)
Greet Draye, Laboratoria van de natie. Literaire genootschappen in Vlaanderen, 1830-1914. Nijmegen:
Vantilt, 2009. (Rick Honings)
Christophe Verbruggen, Schrijverschap in de Belgische belle époque. Een sociaal-culturele geschiedenis.
Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2009. (Lieske Tibbe)
Sanne Parlevliet, Meesterwerken met ezelsoren. Bewerkingen van literaire klassiekers voor kinderen,
1850-1950. Hilversum: Verloren 2009. (Frits Booy)
C.J. Aarts en M.C. van Etten, 175 jaar Nijgh & Van Ditmar. Nimmer dralend, 1837–2012. Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 2012. (Dick Welsink)

De Negentiende Eeuw 2012, nr. 1: De negentiende eeuw revisited

De Negentiende Eeuw 36 (2012) 1: ‘De negentiende eeuw revisited’

Jan Hein FurnéeBeleving van ruimte. De spatial turn en de negentiende eeuw 1-11

Boudien de Vries‘Een machtig middel om de beschaving vooruit te brengen’. De openbare bibliotheek in Groot-Brittannië en Nederland 12-27

Abstract (EN)

A powerful instrument to promote civilization. Public libraries in Great Britain and the Netherlands.The public library is an outstanding example of how the liberal middle class tried to reform society in Great Brittain, the Netherlands and Germany. In each country, the middle-classes regarded the public library as an instrument for self-improvement and cultural emancipation of the lower orders and, on the other hand, for social control of the masses. However, in comparison with British public libraries in great cities, which resembled outside and inside Tudor castles or Greek temples and other monuments, public libraries in the Netherlands and Germany were humble buildings. Moreover, in Britain public libraries were often part of large-scale projects which included a library, an art gallery and a museum.
The monumental exteriors and interiors of British libraries can easily be explained by the more articulate feelings of urban prestige and urban strife in Britain. This encouraged councillors to spend public money lavishly on cultural institutions. Apart from that, individual members of the aristocracy and the affluent middle class donated large sums to their own cities for the same purpose. In the Netherlands examples of the largesse of patronage were fewer, and if individuals donated money for cultural projects, it was seldom for a public library. Notwithstanding these differences, there is a striking similarity between Great Britain and the Netherlands in the spatial lay-out of the interior of the buildings. In both the Netherlands and Britain, space within the library mirrors middle-class ideas about culture, refinement, social structure and gender.

Bart Tritsmans en Ilja Van DammeAgorafobie in een moderniserende metropool? Gebruik, betekenis en aanleg van stadspleinen in negentiende-eeuws Antwerpen 28-46

Abstract (EN)

Agoraphobia in a modernizing metropolis? Use, meaning and planning of squares in nineteenth-century Antwerp.This article will point out how a focus on seemingly ordinary urban spaces in daily use, such as town squares, can provide unique insights into nineteenth-century society. It questions whether old and newly planned town squares lost their public importance in the modernizing landscape of the nineteenth-century city. This debate that was also raging at the end of the nineteenth century was closely linked to the ardent zeal for modern urban planning since Haussmann. This article ties in neatly with established ideas on nineteenth-century urban spaces as increasingly ‘regulated’ and ‘disciplined’ and thus heralding the so-called ‘fall of public man’. Our research, however, will make clear how political, economic, social and cultural life in nineteenth-century Antwerp remained intimately tied to town squares and public open spaces. We will present concrete empirical evidence regarding the continuous practical use and importance of old and newly urbanized town squares in the rapidly changing environment in the city of Antwerp.

Diederik SmitRegentenzaal, Balzaal of Paleis der Staten-Generaal? De plaats van het Nederlandse parlement in de negentiende eeuw 47-61

Abstract (EN)

The importance of history. The location of Dutch parliament in the 19th century.For centuries the Binnenhof in The Hague has been the central place of government in the Netherlands. However, since the dawn of the nineteenth century both the historical buildings of the Binnenhof and the place itself have been under discussion, and several proposals were made to restructure the complex. This article focuses on the debates concerning the place of the Dutch parliament from the Napoleonic era until the late nineteenth century. It shows why the parliament buildings were disputed in the first place, but also makes clear why the Binnenhof was eventually seen as a quintessential product of Dutch political culture.

Andreas StynenNatuurlijke verbeelding. Ontkieming van het stadsparkideaal 62-80

Abstract (EN)

Of parks and citizens. The illusions of a spatial category.The nineteenth century saw the birth of the modern public park. As the spatial incarnation of views on society and the position of mankind, it was subject to a series of drastic adjustments. Heirs to the aristocratic promenade, early examples were designed to accommodate the ritual of social parading. After 1850 Paris set the example for parks with more individualized pleasures, including immersion in a rural illusion as a proof of modern man’s mastery of the world. At the turn of the century, with increasing criticism of the urban condition, new parks embodied ideas of naturalness and physical participation.

De Negentiende Eeuw 35 (2011) 4

Maartje JanseOp de grens tussen staat en civil society. Samenwerking tussen hervormers en politici, 1840-1880 169-187

Abstract (EN)

Where State and Civil Society meet. Cooperation between reformers and politicians, 1840-1880.The relationship between the Dutch state and civil society in the period between 1840 and1880 was harmonious and marked by a cooperative attitude on the part of both reformers and politicians. Before 1840, King William I had controlled associational life to ensure that his policies received support, but after his abdication, and especially after the liberal 1848 constitution, more outspoken reform organizations managed to shape policy-making. For a large part, reform organizations were still immersed in the older deferential political culture, which was intensified by the small scale of the country. Still, reform organizations could operate effectively since their members were closely acquainted with government officials. Using mainly antislavery and temperance as case studies, the article explores the cooperation between government and civil society on specific reform legislation. Finally, the question whether this period can be regarded as an early version of the ‘politics of accomodation’ or the ‘poldermodel’ is addressed and answered negatively.

Rose Spijkerman‘Het is als Ministersvrouw, dat ik u noodig heb’. De politieke betrokkenheid en betekenis van Adelheid Thorbecke-Solger, 1840-1870 188-206

Abstract (EN)

‘It is as a first lady, that I need you’. The political involvement of Adelheid Thorbecke-Solger, 1840-1870.Historians working on nineteenth-century politics and gender usually assume that women exerted no actual influence on national politics. Adelheid Thorbecke- Solger (1817-1870), the wife of J.R. Thorbecke (1798-1872), the most important Dutch statesman of the nineteenth century, has been put in this category. This article challenges this view by analysing her political involvement. On the basis of correspondence, her diary and other accounts, the article illustrates that she was directly involved with her husband’s political career. She supported her husband emotionally, often visited the parliament, assisted Thorbecke by managing his archive and wrote accounts of important political decisions and events. She gathered valuable political information from politicians and even the royal family, which contributed to her husband’s success. She suggested useful people to her husband and, on request, probably used her influence to intercede in both personal and political affairs. Adelheid Thorbecke-Solger is the first wife of a Dutch politician who has been investigated in this light and could therefore serve as an example of a new perspective on the political involvement of nineteenth-century women.

Adelheid CeulemansEen Vlaamse vertegenwoordiger van de Europese romantiek. ‘De geest’, een ‘eigenaerdig’ verhaal van Theodoor Van Ryswyck (1837) 207-221

Abstract (EN)

European Romanticism in early nineteenth-century Flemish literature. ‘De geest’ [‘The ghost’], a peculiar poem of Theodoor Van Ryswyck (1811-1849).This article offers a textual analysis and contextual study of the 1837 narrative poem ‘De geest,’ by Theodoor Van Ryswyck (1811-1849), who is often referred to as the Flemish popular poet par excellence. The analysis of the text shows that Van Ryswyck was acquainted with literary Romanticism and that he applied Romantic ideas and literary features in his poems; he introduced Romanticism into early-nineteenth-century Flemish literature. In addition to its literary pioneering role, ‘De geest’ also had an important cultural-national function in the Belgian nation-state, only seven years old at the time. Together with other texts, for example the works of Conscience, it laid the foundation for the nationaldidactic poetics of nineteenth-century Flemish literature and contributed to the development of a Flemish (sub)national consciousness and identity. This article finally casts doubt on Van Ryswyck’s image as a popular poet.

Boekzaal der geleerde wereld 222-232

Jouke Turpijn, Mannen van gezag. De uitvinding van de Tweede Kamer 1848-1888. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 2008. (Carla Hoetink)
Annemarie Houkes, Christelijke vaderlanders. Godsdienst, burgerschap en de Nederlandse natie
(1850-1900). Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 2009. (Peter van Dam)
Wilfried Uitterhoeve, Cornelis Kraijenhoff, 1758-1840. Een loopbaan onder vijf regeervormen. Nijmegen: Vantilt, 2009. (Diederik Smit)
Janneke van der Heide, Darwin en de strijd om de beschaving in Nederland 1859-1909. Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 2009. (Christianne Smit)
Jo Tollebeek, Fredericq & Zonen. Een antropologie van de moderne geschiedwetenschap. Amsterdam:
Bert Bakker, 2008. (Herman Paul)
Coert Peter Krabbe, Droomreis op papier. De Prix de Rome en de Nederlandse architectuur (1808-1851). Leiden: Primavera Pers, 2009. (Petra Brouwer)
Tom Toremans en Walter Verschueren, red., Crossing cultures. Nineteenth-century Anglophone literature in the Low Countries. Leuven: Leuven University Press 2009. (Lieske Tibbe)

De Negentiende Eeuw 35 (2011) 3

Henk te VeldeDe Risorgimento in Nederland. Binnenlandse tegenstellingen rond een internationale kwestie 105-118

Abstract (EN)

The Risorgimento in the Netherlands. Domestic controversies surrounding an international Issue.The Italian Risorgimento did not affect the Netherlands in the same way as the German unification did. Paradoxically however, it had important consequences for Dutch domestic politics. Reactions to the Risorgimento prefigured new alignments in domestic politics that would only really become apparent almost a decade later. Liberals and Catholics were still united against Conservatives and orthodox Protestants. The Italian question brought new dividing lines to the surface. Liberals supported the Italian struggle for a national and government and they cheered its hero Garibaldi. Conservatives agreed to a surprising degree. On the other hand, Catholics, and orthodox Protestants as well, abhorred the destruction of the legitimate order in Italy and considered the violence of the revolutionary uprising an outrage against society.

Jolijn GroothuizenTot hier en niet verder!? De kiesrechtbetoging van 20 september 1885 119-138

Abstract (EN)

‘Up to here and no further!?’ The suffrage demonstration of September 20th, 1885.In the historiography of socialism in the Netherlands, the suffrage demonstration of September 20th, 1885 has mostly been depicted in a negative way. When we take a closer look at the primary sources available however, we see how socialists not only used indecent, extra-judicialt actions, but also wielded civil methods in their struggle for democracy. They planned an orderly demonstration and asked the Dutch government for universal suffrage through a motion that was modelled on those debated in the Dutch parliament. The message that the motion contained however, was threatening and revolutionary. The government ignored the socialists’ request and the socialists consequently took their refuge to more violent methods. The transition from direct action to the carefully planned opposition of a social movement had proved to be difficult, and the confusion of September 1885 once more led to a period of uncivilized action.

Arko van HeldenDe ‘kleine luyden’ van Abraham Kuyper – een vorm van populistische retoriek? 139-153

Abstract (EN)

Abraham Kuypers ‘little men’ or ‘little people’ (kleine luyden) as a form of populist rhetoric.According to the British political scientist Margaret Canovan political populism is anti-elitist, exalts ‘the people’ and stresses the pathos of ‘the little man’. The Dutch Neo-Calvinist political leader Kuyper introduced the expression kleine luyden – allegedly a historical quotation from William of Orange – to express his antipathy of the liberal and conservative elite and to frame his Calvinist sympathizers as the real patriots. They form his Dutch-Reformed ‘heartland’ (a concept by Paul Taggart). This contribution analyses Kuypers uncommonly populist use of the expression kleine luyden. It was also an original, powerful expression to lift up the Calvinist little men and mobilize their little force into a strong political party.

Rick HoningsEen student bij de grijze heren. Nicolaas Beets en de Hollandsche Maatschappij van Fraaije Kunsten en Wetenschappen 154-168

Abstract (EN)

A student among grey gentlemen. Nicolaas Beets and the Dutch Society of Fine Arts and Sciences.During the first decades of the 19th century literary life took place within the literary societies, such as the Dutch Society of Fine Arts and Sciences, founded in 1800. In the early 19th century it was one of the most prominent literary authorities in the Northern Netherlands. According to the dominant historiography of Van den Berg the societies lost their importance after 1830. This view is mainly based on critical remarks of Jacob Geel. But is this a correct representation of the real situation? In this article I want to adjust this dominant representation by focusing on the career of the student-author Nicolaas Beets.

De Negentiende Eeuw 2011, nr. 1-2 (Wereldburgerschap)

De Negentiende Eeuw 35 (2011) 1-2: ‘Wereldburgerschap’

Eveline Koolhaas-GrosfeldWereldburgerschap in Nederland 1-9

Robert VerhoogtHet sublieme uitzicht op een grenzeloze wereld vanuit een luchtballon 10-33

Abstract (EN)

A sublime view of an endless world from a balloon.The invention of the balloon by the brothers Joseph and Etienne Montgofier caused a sensation in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Inspired by the experimental physics of the scientific revolution, balloonists organized public demonstrations. Up in the air the balloonists enjoyed a sublime view of the world and reported their experiences in words and images. Jean-Pierre Blanchard was the first to cross the Channel between England and France in a balloon. He later travelled to several European countries to become the first balloonist to go up in a balloon. On July 12, 1785 he made Dutch aviation history by being the first to ascend in a balloon in this country. The adventures of Blanchard and other balloonists were a source of inspiration for popular writers like Edgar Allan Poe and Jules Verne. Additionally, the sublime view from a balloon inspired artists to create a wide variety of images. Thomas Baldwin produced the first image of the view from a balloon in 1785. Then came the bright lithographs by Arnout and the impressive painting by Victor Navlet. The famous photographer Nadar made the first photographs from the basket of a balloon, while his successor Eduard Spelterini produced superlative aerial views. He photographed the impressive Alps from above, the relics of ancient Egypt, and the modern goldmines in Transvaal, too. The invention of the balloon provided a new dimension to modern European culture in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: the third dimension. The ascent of a balloon attracted thousands of people again and again. Balloonists literally floated across national borders, between heaven and earth; they reflected both Romanticism and the Enlightenment. They saw the world as a huge, coloured map, while enjoying a new, sublime view of a world without borders.

Leen DresenDe waardering voor kosmopolitisme van planten en dieren in de Nederlandse natuurjournalistiek, 1850-1910 34-58

Abstract (EN)

Plants and animals as cosmopolitans: changing evaluations among Dutch popularizers of science, 1850-1910.Metaphors of global citizenship were commonly used by Dutch popularizers of science during the nineteenth century to describe plants and animals that occur worldwide. Calling a species cosmopolitan was often intended as praise, but could also carry negative connotations. Using this practice as a cultural indicator, this article traces changes in the representation of cosmopolitan species in Dutch science popularization between 1850 and 1910. Before 1870, perceptions were predominantly positive (praising cosmopolitan species as closely related to humans), but after this date they became negative (preferring locally confined species as having more character and being true to their origins). After 1890, cosmopolitan species became more appreciated again, with the advent of a new generation of progressive writers. These changing perceptions seem to reflect broader cultural and political developments, but also discussions within the natural sciences, where doubts emerged about the cosmopolitan nature of mankind itself.

Lotte JensenWereldburgerschap als verzetsdaad. Kosmopolitisme en patriottisme bij Jan Fredrik Helmers 59-72

Abstract (EN)

Cosmopolitanism as resistance. Cosmopolitanism and patriotism in the work of Jan Fredrik Helmers.The Amsterdam poet Jan Fredrik Helmers (1767-1813) is best known for his influential national epic De Hollandsche natie (The Dutch nation, 1812). Yet, he also propagated cosmopolitanism. This article seeks to explain this paradoxical combination of patriotism and cosmopolitanism. First, the philosophical, religious and cultural background of Helmer’s cosmopolitanism is analysed. His ideas were clearly influenced by Enlightenment thinkers, such as Wieland, Kant and Foster. Also, ideas of freemasonry resonated in his poems. Second, it is argued that actual political circumstances had a decisive impact on his thought. His cosmopolitanism can be interpreted as a protest against Napoleonic tyranny. At the same time growing French influence also posed a serious threat to the Dutch nation, which inspired patriotism in the poet.

Arnold LubbersHet Noord-Nederlandse leesgezelschap in het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Broedplaats voor nationalisme en/of wereldburgerschap? 73-91

Abstract (EN)

The Northern Dutch book club in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. Breeding ground for nationalism and/or world citizenship?.Researchers have suggested that during the years of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815-1830) nationalism was omnipresent in literature. Immediately after the Belgian secession in 1830, though, Dutch author Van der Hoop jr. claims that a sort of world citizenship had been a dominant theme. To find out whether either books containing ideology were actually being read in those years, this article undertakes an analysis of the literary consumption of voluntary organizations. An examination of books and magazines bought by Northern Dutch book clubs indicates that the acquisitions favoured neither ideology. On the contrary: books containing outspoken ideology seem to have been purposely avoided in favour of recreational reading.

Jan OosterholtNeopatriottisme of neokosmopolitisme? R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink en de (on-)kritiek van zijn tijd 92-103

Abstract (EN)

Neopatriotism or Neocosmopolitanism? R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink and the (non)criticism of his age.The ideology of the Dutch periodical De Gids has been characterized as ‘neopatriotic’, but one could argue that it could be described as neocosmopolitan as well, depending on whether one wants to lay emphasis on a striving for a national culture or on the urge to take part in contemporary international movements. The paradox of this ‘international nationalism’ can be found in the criticism of Bakhuizen van den Brink: he denounces the chauvinism of an older generation and pleads for a combination of openness to foreign developments with a striving for an original Dutch contribution to European culture. His criticism against the ‘Old School’ manifests itself particularly in a new concept of (literary) criticism, with particular regard to the critic’s style of writing.

De Negentiende Eeuw 34 (2010) 4: Liberalisme

Redactioneel 287-288

Christoph De SpiegeleerTussen banketten en begrafenissen. De radicaal-liberale burgerlijke cultuur rond Charles Potvin in Brussel tijdens de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw 289-308

Abstract (EN)

Between Banquets and Funerals. The Liberal Political and Organizational Culture around Charles Potvin in Brussels during the Years, 1850-1900.There are some serious gaps in our knowledge of the nineteenth-century Belgian liberal organizational culture. Through the writer-journalist Charles Potvin we have mapped an important part of the political culture of progressive liberalism in Brussels which led us to unforeseen networks, meeting rooms and pressure groups, uninstitutionalized politics and informal contacts. Middle-class progressive citizens, often journalists, lawyers or professors at the Free University of Brussels, gathered in interest groups like the ‘Libre Pensée’ and the ‘Ligue de l’Enseignement’. They joined such groups because of their militant anticlericalism and their disapproval of the far less radical liberal government. They voiced their criticisms and commitments in various newspapers and periodicals. Discussions were continued in Masonic lodges, among which ‘Les Amis Philanthropes’ was particularly popular. The progressive liberals came together at banquets to honour important political and literary figures, while civic funerals were used to commemorate the deceased and to show the group’s opposition to the government’s policies. This ‘bourgeois civil society’ played a role in a number of important emancipatory movements.

Liesbet WinkelmolenDe Ommelander. Een ultraliberale stem uit Groningen 309-323

Abstract (EN)

De Ommelander. An Ultra-Liberal Voice from Groningen.In 1830-31 the southern parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands fought for their independence, which would lead to the secession of Belgium. This revolution evoked nationalistic feelings in the north, and as a result, liberal critics of the conservative, bureaucratic and centralistic rule of King Willem I restrained themselves. Cautious voices of opposition that had arisen now fell silent, and many oppositional periodicals stopped appearing. In the northern province of Groningen, however, the ultra-liberal periodical De Ommelander came out and raised its voice during the years 1831-34. De Ommelander put forward extreme opinions on polity: it argued for restrictions on the power of the King, for a constitution with ministerial responsibility, for reduction of bureaucracy, and for a new elective system. No wonder that the government in The Hague read De Ommelander closely and prosecuted the editors as soon as it found a reason to do so. This article outlines the opinions put forward in De Ommelander and places the periodical in the context of the province of Groningen. It is argued that these ideas were rooted in a society of emancipated farmers, seeking influence in provincial politics.

Rob van de Schoor‘Italië, schip zonder stuurman in de woedende golven, hoeveel ongelukkigen ballast hebt gij aan boord?’ Verbeelding en interpretatie van het Risorgimento in de negentiende-eeuwse Nederlandse letterkunde 324-341

Abstract (EN)

The Italian Risorgimento in nineteenth-century Dutch literature.A closer investigation of nineteenth-century (literary and journalistic) prose and poems about the Italian Risorgimento, as Lucy Riall and Marjan Schwegman point out, shows how Dutch writers were engaged in a process of orchestrating a new Italian identity by fashioning Giuseppe Garibaldi as a Romantic hero. Journalism and literature were closely entwined in the 1860s: narrative conventions were activated for telling the story of current political events and for understanding the motives of those involved. With its stress on Garibaldi’s revolutionary idealism and his boyish energy that did not exclude an almost feminine sensibility, the life-story of Italy’s liberator greatly appealed to educated women (writers) who were interested in politics.

Boekzaal der geleerde wereld 342-349

Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld, De ontdekking van de Nederlander in boeken en prenten rond 1800. Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2010. (Michiel Jonker)
Robert Verhoogt, Art in Reproduction. Nineteenth-century prints after Lawrence Alma-Tadema, Jozef Israëls and Ary Scheffer. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007. (Lieske Tibbe)
Anneke van Veen, De eerste foto’s van Amsterdam 1845-1875. Bussum: Toth/Amsterdam: Stadsarchief 2010. (Lieske Tibbe)
Vincent van Gogh. De brieven, red. Leo Jansen, Harm Luijten en Nienke Bakker, Amsterdam: Van Goghmuseum. Amsterdam University Press/ Den Haag: Huygensinstituut, 2009. (Lieske Tibbe)
Gekleurd grijs. Johannes Kneppelhout (1814-1885) en Gerard Bilders (1838-1865). Brieven en dagboek, red. Wiepke Loos. Zwolle: Waanders, 2009. (Eveline Koolhaas-Grosfeld)
Ingelies Vermeulen en Ton Pelkmans, Marie Bilders-van Bosse, 1837-1900. Een leven voor kunst en vriendschap, [Oosterbeek]: Uitgeverij Kontrast, 2008. (Lieske Tibbe)